The War reached a climax in 1988. Four major battles occurred between April to August 1988, all of which resulted in serious Iranian defeats. The Iraqi victories were in large part due to changing tactics developed by Army Chief of Staff General Nizar Khazraji. [Frankel, p. 12.] These Iraqi victories occurred for two major reasons. 1) The Soviets since 1982 had been supplying sophisticated weaponry to Iraq. The Iranians on the other hand could not obtain comaprable weaponry having alienated both the Soviets and Americams. The Iranians at the beginning of the War had a supply of modern weapons purchased by the Shah from America. By 1988 these weapons had been largely exahusted and the Iranians were having increasing difficuly, especially keeping their aging American fighters in the air. This imbalance was all to obvious on the battlefield when the Iraqis launched their offenmsive strikes. 2) The Iraqi showed evidence of learning from past mistakes and comducyed increasingly sophisticated and well-coordinated attacks. The Iraqi Republican Guard in a text-book 36-hour battle finally retook the Al-Faw Peninsula. The Iraqis again used chemical weapons. 3) Iraq responding to Iranian air attacks in 1988 fired 190 missiles over a 6-week period at Iranian cities. This was caused the 'War of the Cities'. The missiles attacks caused little real damage, but had a devestating imapct on Iranian morale. Almost 30 percent of Tehran's population fleed the city. The threat of continued missle attack, possibly with chemical warhears, is believed to be an important reason that Iran finally agreed to end the War. 4) Ayatollah Khomeini died June 3, 1989. The Assembly of Experts--an elected body of senior clerics--chose the outgoing president, but by 1988 he notably weakening. This was almost ceratinly an important factor. Monday, 6 August 2012
The War reached a climax in 1988. Four major battles occurred between April to August 1988, all of which resulted in serious Iranian defeats. The Iraqi victories were in large part due to changing tactics developed by Army Chief of Staff General Nizar Khazraji. [Frankel, p. 12.] These Iraqi victories occurred for two major reasons. 1) The Soviets since 1982 had been supplying sophisticated weaponry to Iraq. The Iranians on the other hand could not obtain comaprable weaponry having alienated both the Soviets and Americams. The Iranians at the beginning of the War had a supply of modern weapons purchased by the Shah from America. By 1988 these weapons had been largely exahusted and the Iranians were having increasing difficuly, especially keeping their aging American fighters in the air. This imbalance was all to obvious on the battlefield when the Iraqis launched their offenmsive strikes. 2) The Iraqi showed evidence of learning from past mistakes and comducyed increasingly sophisticated and well-coordinated attacks. The Iraqi Republican Guard in a text-book 36-hour battle finally retook the Al-Faw Peninsula. The Iraqis again used chemical weapons. 3) Iraq responding to Iranian air attacks in 1988 fired 190 missiles over a 6-week period at Iranian cities. This was caused the 'War of the Cities'. The missiles attacks caused little real damage, but had a devestating imapct on Iranian morale. Almost 30 percent of Tehran's population fleed the city. The threat of continued missle attack, possibly with chemical warhears, is believed to be an important reason that Iran finally agreed to end the War. 4) Ayatollah Khomeini died June 3, 1989. The Assembly of Experts--an elected body of senior clerics--chose the outgoing president, but by 1988 he notably weakening. This was almost ceratinly an important factor. Sunday, 5 August 2012
Jism 2 is the sequel to the film Jism which had John Abraham and Bipasha Basu in lead roles. The movie Jism 2 marks the debut of Indo-Canadian p0rnographic actress, businesswoman and model, Sunny Leone in Bollywood. Jism 2 was launched on 1 December last year on popular television show Bigg Boss, making the launch a first time ever in the history of Indian Cinema. Mahesh Bhatt compared Jism 2 to Italian romance drama Last Tango In Paris. A p0rn star (played by Sunny Leone) is hired by a dashing intelligence officer (played by Arunoday Singh) to become a ‘Honey-trap’ for a dreaded assassin (played by Randeep Hooda). In doing so, Sunny Leone not only has to confront her bitter-sweet past, but is also forced to make an impossible choice – one that will put her own life in double jeopardy. So Enjoy the Movie..
A porn star is hired by a dashing intelligence officer to become a 'Honey-trap' for a dreaded assassin. In doing so, she not only has to confront her bitter-sweet past, but is also forced to make an impossible choice - one that will put her own life in double jeopardy.
A porn star is hired by a dashing intelligence officer to become a 'Honey-trap' for a dreaded assassin. In doing so, she not only has to confront her bitter-sweet past, but is also forced to make an impossible choice - one that will put her own life in double jeopardy.
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Saturday, 4 August 2012
According to the Iranian Constitution, the assembly is in charge of supervising, dismissing and electing the Supreme Leader. In the event of his death, resignation or dismissal, the Experts shall take steps within the shortest possible time to appoint a new Leader. "Whenever the Leader becomes incapable of fulfilling his constitutional duties, or loses one of the qualifications mentioned in the Constitution, or it becomes known that he did not possess some of the qualifications initially, he will be dismissed." The assembly has never dismissed a sitting Supreme Leader, and as all of their meetings and notes are strictly confidential, the assembly has never been known to challenge or otherwise publicly oversee any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.
The Persian Constitutional Revolution was the first event of its kind in Asia. The Revolution opened the way for cataclysmic change in Persia, heralding the modern era. It saw a period of unprecedented debate in a burgeoning press. The revolution created new opportunities and opened up seemingly boundless possibilities for Persia’s future. Many different groups fought to shape the course of the Revolution, and all sections of society were ultimately to be in some way changed by it. The old order, which Nasser-al-Din Shah Qajar had struggled for so long to sustain, finally died, to be replaced by new institutions, new forms of expression, and a new social and political order.The system of constitutional monarchy created by the decree of Mozzafar-al-Din Shah that was established in Persia as a result of the Revolution ultimately came to an end in 1925 with the dissolution of the Qajar dynasty and the ascension of Reza Shah Pahlavi to the throne.
The movement did not end with the Revolution but was followed by the Constitutionalist movement of Gilan.
Friday, 3 August 2012
BRIEF FACTS:Birth Name: Jalaluddin Mohammad Rumi – or Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi
Born in: Balkh, Afghanistan on 30th September 1207
Childhood
Hazrat Mawlana Jalaluddin Mohammad Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273) is a 13th-century Persian poet, jurist, theologian and Sufi mystic. He is one of the greatest saints in Islamic history and is well-known in the West for his Sufi poetry, especially his treasury of couplets entitled Masnavi Sharif.
Mawlana Rumi [, may Allah be pleased with him] was born on the 6th of Rabiul Awwal in the Islamic Hijri year 604 in Balkh, present-day Afghanistan. His father, Hazrat Bahauddin Walad [, may Allah be pleased with him], was a great Muslim scholar and also a Sufi saint who descends from the lineage of Sayyidina Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq [, may Allah be pleased with him], the first Caliph of Islam.
Mawlana Rumi [, may Allah be pleased with him] grew up in this learned household in Afghanistan and became a fully accomplished scholar himself. Eventually, between the years 1215 and 1220, Hazrat Bahauddin Walad, with his whole family and a group of disciples, set out westwards. They peformed Hajj and then proceeded on their journey.
Life in Turkey
They finally settled in Karaman, Turkey for seven years, where Mawlana Rumi's mother and brother both passed away. In 1225, Mawlana Rumi married Gowhar Khatun in Karaman and had two sons: Sultan Walad and Ala-uddin Chalabi. When his wife passed away, Mawlana Rumi married again and had a son, Amir Alim Chalabi, and a daughter, Malakeh Khatun.
On 1 May 1228, most likely as a result of the insistent invitation of Alauddin Keyqobad, ruler of Anatolia, Hazrat Bahauddin Walad finally settled in Konya in Anatolia within the westernmost territories of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.
On the road to Anatolia, Mawlana Rumi encountered one of the most famous mystic Persian poets, by the name of Fariduddin Attar, in the Iranian city of Nishapur, located in the province of Khorasan. Attar immediately recognized Rumi's spiritual eminence. He saw the father walking ahead of the son and said, "Here comes a sea followed by an ocean." He then gave Mawlana Rumi his ‘Asrarnama’, a book about the entanglement of the soul in the material world. This meeting had a deep impact on the eighteen-year-old Mawlana Rumi, and later on became the inspiration for his works.
Eventually, Hazrat Bahauddin Walad became the head of a seminary school (Madrasa) in Konya, Turkey. When he passed away, Mawlana Rumi was only 25 years old and took his father’s place at the head of the school.
One of Hazrat Bahauddin Walad's students, Hazrat Sayyed Burhanuddin Muhaqqiq Termazi, continued to train Mawlana Rumi in the religious and mystical doctrines of Hazrat Rumi's father. For nine years, Rumi practiced Sufism as a disciple of Hazrat Sayyed Burhanuddin until the latter died in 1240 or 1241. Hazrat Rumi's public life then began: he became a teacher who preached in the mosques of Konya and taught his adherents in the Madrasa.
During this period, Mawlana Rumi also travelled to Damascus and is said to have spent four years there.
Meeting with Hazrat Shams Tabrez
However, it was his meeting with the dervish Hazrat Shams Tabrez on 15 November 1244 that completely changed Rumi's life. Hazrat Shams had travelled throughout the Middle East searching and praying for someone who could "endure my company". A voice said to him, "What will you give in return?" and Hazrat Shams replied, "My head!". The voice then said, "The one you seek is Jalaluddin of Konya."
One version of the famous meeting that Mawlana Rumi had with Hazrat Shams Tabrez [, may Allah be pleased with him], was that once Mawlana Rumi was teaching a group of his students and referring to his handwritten books & notes while Hazrat Shams Tabrez happened to come along and asked him about those notes.
Mawlana Rumi [, may Allah be pleased with him] replied that the books and notes were beyond the understanding of Hazrat Shams Tabrez. Then Mawlana Rumi [, may Allah be pleased with him] continued his class, meanwhile Hazrat Shams Tabrez [, may Allah be pleased with him] threw all the books into a nearby pond of water. The students noticed this and started beating him. This caught the attention of Mawlana Rumi who complained about losing his knowledge. Hazrat Shams Tabrez [, may Allah be pleased with him] replied that he could return the books, so he recited ‘Bismillah’ and retrieved the books from the water, which to everyone’s surprise, were still intact. Seeing this, Mawlana Rumi [, may Allah be pleased with him] was amazed and asked how this was possible – to which Hazrat Shams Tabrez replied that such knowledge was beyond that of an external scholar.
Thus began the relationship between Mawlana Rumi [, may Allah be pleased with him] and Hazrat Shams Tabrez [, may Allah be pleased with him]. At this stage, Mawlana Rumi is reported to have mostly retired from his public life and spent a lot of time with Hazrat Shams Tabrez [, may Allah be pleased with him]. They would spend days discussing divine issues and Sufi thoughts, to the extent that Mawlana Rumi would not teach his classes or visit his family for long periods of time.
On the night of 5 December 1248, as Hazrat Rumi and Hazrat Shams were talking, Hazrat Shams Tabrez was called to the back door. He went out, never to be seen again. It is rumored that Hazrat Shams Tabrez was murdered; if so, Hazrat Shams indeed gave his head for his mystical friendship with Mawlana Rumi.
Mawlana Rumi's love for, and his bereavement at the death of, Hazrat Shams found their expression in an outpouring of music & poetry, thus he compiled a collection entitled Divan-e-Shams-e-Tabrez. He himself went out searching for Hazrat Shams and journeyed again to Damascus. There, he realized:
"Why should I seek? I am the same as He.
His essence speaks through me.
I have been looking for myself!"
Departure of Mawlana Rumi; Reunion with his BelovedIn December 1273, Mawlana Rumi fell ill; he predicted his own death and composed the well-known ghazal, which begins with the verse:
"How doest thou know what sort of King I have within me as a Companion?
Do not cast thy glance upon my golden face, for I have iron legs."
Mawlana Rumi [, may Allah be pleased with him] passed away & reunited with his Beloved Lord on 5th Jamadiul Aakhir 672 Hijri in Konya Sharif, Turkey. His tomb is near to that of his friend & guide, Hazrat Shams Tabrez [, may Allah be pleased with him] and his body was laid to rest beside his father under a beautiful tomb named Yesil Turbe or ‘the Green Tomb’.His epitaph written on his tomb reads:
"When we are dead, seek not our tomb in the earth, but find it in the hearts of men."
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"O mankind! We created you from a single pair of a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes that you might get to know one another. Surely the noblest of you in the sight of Allah is he who is the most righteous. Allah is All-Knowledgeable, All-Aware." (49:13)
However, that doesn't mean that people are not different from each other; it also doesn't mean that one individual cannot be better than another in some areas. The Almighty has created a lot of diversity in us. Had it not been there, the system of our world wouldn't have been able to function properly. We need different people with different interests and abilities to take care of the different obligations that our societies need to discharge them. Had everyone been alike, it wouldn't have been possible. The Qur'an says:
"It is We Who distribute the means of their livelihood in the life of this world, raising some in rank above others, so that one may take others into his service." (43:32)
Thus all humans are equal as humans. They are however different in their abilities. They are also different in the most significant criterion of piety, about which only God Almighty is the best judge. No human can claim superiority over a fellow human on the basis of family, race, status, or any other worldly criterion.
Wednesday, 1 August 2012
Coulomb spent nine years in the West Indies as a military engineer and returned to France with impaired health. Upon the outbreak of the French Revolution, he retired to a small estate at Blois and devoted himself to scientific research. In 1802 he was appointed an inspector of public instruction.
torsion balance [Credit: The Granger Collection, New York]Coulomb developed his law as an outgrowth of his attempt to investigate the law of electrical repulsions as stated by Joseph Priestley of England. To this end he invented sensitive apparatus to measure the electrical forces involved in Priestley’s law and published his findings in 1785–89. He also established the inverse square law of attraction and repulsion of unlike and like magnetic poles, which became the basis for the mathematical theory of magnetic forces developed by Siméon-Denis Poisson. He also did research on friction of machinery, on windmills, and on the elasticity of metal and silk fibres. The coulomb, a unit of electric charge, was named in his honour.
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