Rupert Murdoch was born on March 11, 1931, in Melbourne, Australia. His father was a famous war correspondent and newspaper publisher. Murdoch inherited his father's papers, the Sunday Mail and the News, and continued to purchase other media outlets over the years. In the 1970s, he started buying American newspapers. Murdoch branched out into entertainment with the purchase of 20th Century FOX Film Corp. in 1985. He later launched his own cable news channel, FOX News.In recent years, Australian-born billionaire Rupert Murdoch has used the U.S. government’s increasingly lax media regulations to consolidate his hold over the media and wider political debate in America. Consider Murdoch’s empire: According to Businessweek, "his satellites deliver TV programs in five continents, all but dominating Britain, Italy, and wide swaths of Asia and the Middle East. He publishes 175 newspapers, including the New York Post and The Times of London. In the U.S., he owns the Twentieth Century Fox Studio, Fox Network, and 35 TV stations that reach more than 40% of the country…His cable channels include fast-growing Fox News, and 19 regional sports channels. In all, as many as one in five American homes at any given time will be tuned into a show News Corp. either produced or delivered." But who is the real Rupert Murdoch? As this report shows, he is a far-right partisan who has used his empire explicitly to pull American political debate to the right. He is also an enabler of the oppressive tactics employed by dictatorial regimes, and a man who admits to having hidden money in tax havens. In short, there more to Rupert Murdoch than meets the eye.(The following Video contains a detailed introduction and secrets of Rupert Murdoch)
Showing posts with label America and World. Show all posts
Showing posts with label America and World. Show all posts
Monday, 14 April 2014
Rupert Murdoch was born on March 11, 1931, in Melbourne, Australia. His father was a famous war correspondent and newspaper publisher. Murdoch inherited his father's papers, the Sunday Mail and the News, and continued to purchase other media outlets over the years. In the 1970s, he started buying American newspapers. Murdoch branched out into entertainment with the purchase of 20th Century FOX Film Corp. in 1985. He later launched his own cable news channel, FOX News.In recent years, Australian-born billionaire Rupert Murdoch has used the U.S. government’s increasingly lax media regulations to consolidate his hold over the media and wider political debate in America. Consider Murdoch’s empire: According to Businessweek, "his satellites deliver TV programs in five continents, all but dominating Britain, Italy, and wide swaths of Asia and the Middle East. He publishes 175 newspapers, including the New York Post and The Times of London. In the U.S., he owns the Twentieth Century Fox Studio, Fox Network, and 35 TV stations that reach more than 40% of the country…His cable channels include fast-growing Fox News, and 19 regional sports channels. In all, as many as one in five American homes at any given time will be tuned into a show News Corp. either produced or delivered." But who is the real Rupert Murdoch? As this report shows, he is a far-right partisan who has used his empire explicitly to pull American political debate to the right. He is also an enabler of the oppressive tactics employed by dictatorial regimes, and a man who admits to having hidden money in tax havens. In short, there more to Rupert Murdoch than meets the eye.(The following Video contains a detailed introduction and secrets of Rupert Murdoch)Wednesday, 26 February 2014
Development is Terrible without Compatibility ,,,,, it is 12 episode of Shargh , Dewaar , Aaftaab. East , Wall , the Sun is an Iranian documentary film about China's biggest Muslims Province Sinkiang and many other cities of China. In this episode the commentator will lead you to Modern Technology Museum of Shanghai (China) , where a Robot will be watched playing Piano , They generate and made many Robots for welfare use by Humans but then they afraid of that they will lose this power control and option from their hand, but who see and examined their Robots , admire their Robots. The things that are necessary for development can be calculated on finger tips as Economics, Politics and Knowledge, China also started from Politics and Economics because they have knowledge so now they are developing their culture. We can say that Politics and Economics are directly relating with Culture. They made many Mechanical Arms to work , these Arms are for other nations in the world as they have a large number of laborious people that they can work at minimum wages. You will also visit Shanghai Stock Exchange and Development Plans followed by Chinese Nation to develop and become a Super Power. Sunday, 2 February 2014
e was Peking, Iranian known this city as خان بالق in meanings of city of Khan and Chinese called it Dadu in meanings of Big Capital. You will watch the Heart of Beijing and Biggest Square of the world i.e. Tian'anmen Square, which is also known as square for Heavenly Peace. This city is much populated city in the world. You will see Zero Point where distance is equal from all sides, what is Zero Point of History ? we may say Zero Point is a point between Life and Death , between birth and end. The Niujie Mosque is oldest Mosque in this city , located in Niujie area.Development Promised to reduce distances, Chinese use Electric Motor Cycles and By Cycles to save atmosphere from pollution for coming generations. 700 years ago Islam came to Shanghai and mosque was built in 1295, You will meet with Hasan Ismail who is Chairman of Islamic Association in Shanghai City. Urumqi (ارومچی) is a city located on old silk road, Urumqi is in meaning of "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people. Work, Human and management are directly proportional with great past, You will visit Museum of Turpan city about Ancient Culture of Silk Road.
Saturday, 18 January 2014
Iranian documentary film "East Wall, the sun" in China This is a documantry made by Ramin Heidari for the Department of Culture and Islamic for Farsi television network, Ramen Farooqi with the team of East Wall , The Sun ( Mashriq Deewar ,Aaftab) went to China and in Ninety Days of Recording for this Film , they recorded film in cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Yunnan, Kashgar to show and measure and comparing of Chinese Society with Past and Future in with Present Time. They Recorded even the Development Philosophy of China , what they are thinking about World how they developed their economics and how they managing their schools, Colleges and Universities.
They also wnet to grave of Syed Ajal Shamas ud Din Muhammad who was an Iranian and migrated to China and due to his preachings in China, Islam was explored in China as man Chinese embraced Islam.
This is First Episode is "Culture..... has significance like it" , This is about Culture ..... Every one wishes to get informed about everything around ones , we wish to know what will happened after this time and what is hidden behind the day after tomorrow. Past and Present are linked with our future. Xinjiang is a city of China has great history belongs to Islam and was very close to Iran in Arabic, Persian or Urdu we can call it Khutan ختن, it also called Great China, here in this film you will also see how Chinese started to make paper to write and now a days Chinese people know how to make papers to write their present and past for generations of future. In This film you will see the reflections of Islam and Persia in China. Silk Road is a link between Islamic world and China or Eastern World, The Ancient Rout of Silk Road will be described by Commentator of this film in this first episode.
Watch Other Parts of This Documentary!
Saturday, 12 October 2013
Read and Find out what is secret behind story of Malala Yousafzai , Orya Jan Maqbool pen down and reveal that they always pay honor to them who kill/killed Muslims, defeat or did try to defeat Islam, America is trying to exploring education in Pakistan tribe area but America is biggest killer of Muslim Peopleof Iraq, Afghanistan , where their Army raped, killed, injured and destroyed Muslims, even America destroyed Schools of Iraq, Afghanistan and many other countries, but America has dual policy, Malala Yousafzai is also spy of America and Zionists and they will use her in future and can use her to destroy Islam and Islamic Society , Malala Yousafzai is hate-able as she was in same line i.e. killers of Palestinians / Muslims Shimon Peres, Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Rabin. Henry Kissinger is biggest enemy of Muslims and Islam. 
Friday, 13 September 2013
The Patron-in-Chief of Supreme Shia Ulema Board Quaid-i-Millat Jafariya Agha Syed Hamid Ali Shah Moosvi has said the world is on the brink of another world war, the Muslim States should save Syria from American aggression or be ready for their own turn as the American reptile is not friend of any Muslim and is ready to devour all one by one.He said that UN should give up its hypocritical role and Kashmiris and Palestinians should also be given right of self-determination as was given in Mashriqi Taimoor andSudan.Syed Hamid Moosvi termed the APC of selected parties as zero and urged the PML-N led federal government to fulfill its promises made during the election campaign. Agha Moosavi said the resolutions adopted during the previous All Parties Conferences were not yet implemented as drone attacks were still going on despite government claims.He said that government only needed to lead as the entire nation is ready to cooperate fully to end terrorism.Agha Moosavi urged the government to take sensitive and important issues to the United Nations and the International Court of Justice. He said Islam always prefers peace and tranquility over oppression, brutality, aggression, war and conflict and always stressed to adopt the defensive strategy and Sulah-e-Hudaibia and Sulah-e-Hassan (A.S.) stand witness to it.He said the Arab countries accusing Syria of tyranny should look toward themselves that from how many centuries the tyranny exist there but the international organisation is so blind to see all that.Monday, 2 September 2013
Our brief analysis of Syrian Crisis and the underlying economic wars. The attack had to be done to terminate the campaign like they did in Yugoslavia and they needed an excuse. Israelis benefit in this entire campaign as they want to destroy Syria, crate anarchy there and block all gas lines from Russia, Qatar, Iran and Saudi Arabia.Thursday, 8 August 2013
The truth is that far from being the poor victim it likes to portray itself as, Israel is in fact the most aggressive and belligerent nation in the region, having invaded pretty much everyone it shares a border with. How does a defensive action result in the total conquest of someone else's lands? The answer is that it does not. Israel is the aggressor. The maps of Israel then and now prove it. اصلی داستاں یہ ہے کہ دنیا میں یہودیوں کا ایک با اثر گروہ یہودیوں کے لئے ایک مستقل ملک کی داغ بیل اور بنیادڈالنے کی فکر میں تھا ۔ان کی اس فکر سے برطانیہ نے اپنی مشکل حل کرنے کے لئے استفادہ کیا ۔البتہ یہودی پہلے یوگنڈا جانے اور اس کو اپنا ملک بنانےکی فکر میں تھے۔کچھ عرصہ لیبیا کے شہر طرابلس جانے کی فکر میں رہے طرابلس اس دور میں اٹلی کے قبضہ میں تھا اٹلی کی حکومت سے گفتگو کی لیکن اٹلی والوں نے یہودیوں کو منفی جواب دیا۔آخر کار برطانیہ والوں کے ساتھ یہودی مل گئے۔اس دور میں مشرق وسطی میں برطانیہ کے اہم استعماری مقاصد تھے اس نے کہا ٹھیک ہے یہودی اس علاقہ میں آئیں ؛ اور ابتداء میں ایک اقلیت کے عنوان سے وارد ہوں پھر آہستہ آہستہ اپنی تعداد میں اضافہ کریں۔اورمشرق وسطی میں فلسطین کے حساس علاقہ پر اپنا قبضہ جما کرحکومت قائم کرلیں اور برطانیہ کے اتحاد کا حصہ بن جائیں اوراس علاقہ میں عالم اسلام خصوصا عرب ممالک کو متحد نہ ہونے دیں ۔وہ دشمن جس کی باہر سے اس قدر حمایت کی جاتی ہے، وہ مختلف طریقوں اور جاسوسی ہتھکنڈوں کے ذریعہ اختلاف پیدا کرسکتا ہے ؛ اور آخر اس نےیہی کام کیا: ایک ملک کے قریب ہوجاتا ہے دوسرے پر حملہ کرتا ہے ایک کے ساتھ سختی سے پیش آتا ہے دوسرے کے ساتھ نرمی کرتا ہے،اسرائیل کو پہلے برطانیہ اور بعض دوسرے مغربی ممالک کی مدد حاصل رہی ۔ پھر اسرائیل آہستہ آہستہ برطانیہ سے الگ ہوگیا اور امریکہ کے ساتھ مل گیا ؛ امریکہ نے بھی آج تک اسرائیل کواپنے پروں کے سائے میں رکھا ہوا ہے۔یہودیوں نے اس طرح اپنے ملک کو وجود بخشا کہ دوسری جگہوں سے آکر فلسطینیوں کے ملک پر قبضہ کرلیا ۔ انھوں نے اس طرح قبضہ کیا کہ پہلے جنگ نہیں کی بلکہ مکر وفریب اور حیلہ کا راستہ اختیار کیا؛ بڑے بڑے فلسطینیوں کی بڑی بڑی اور سرسبز و شاداب زرعی زمینوں کو دگنی قیمت دیکرخریدا جن پر مسلمان کسان کام کرتے تھے ان زمینوں کے مالک یورپ اور امریکہ میں رہتے تھے۔انھوں نے بھی خدا خدا کرکے زمینوں کو یہودیوں کے حوالے کردیا۔ زمینوں کی فروخت میں بڑے بڑے دلال شامل تھے جن میں سید ضیاء بھی تھا جس کے بارے میں معروف ہے کہ وہ رضا خان کے ساتھ 1299 ھ ش کے کودتا میں شریک تھا ۔یہاں سے فلسطین جاتا اور وہاں دلالی کرتا تھا فلسطینی مسلمانوں سے یہودیوں کے لئے زمینیں خریدتا تھا! انھوں نے زمینیں خریدیں ؛ زمینیں جب ان کی ملکیت بن گئیں، تو انھوں نے پھر بڑی بے دردی ، بے رحمی اور سنگدلی کے ساتھ کسانوں سے وہ زمینیں خالی کرانا شروع کردیں ۔ بعض جگہ فلسطینیوں کو مارتے تھے قتل کرتے تھے اور اس کے ساتھ ساتھ مکر و فریب اور جھوٹ کے ذریعہ عالمی رائے عامہ کو اپنی طرف مبذول کرتے تھے۔
یہودیوں کے فلسطین پر قبضہ کے تین مرحلے ہیں ؛ پہلا مرحلہ عربوں کے ساتھ قساوت اور سنگدلی پر مبنی ہے ۔ زمینوں کے اصلی مالکوں کے ساتھ ان کی رفتاربہت سخت اور شدید تھی ان کے ساتھ کبھی بھی رحم کو روا نہیں رکھتے تھے۔
دوسرا مرحلہ عالمی رائے عامہ کے ساتھ جھوٹ اور مکر وفریب پر مبنی ہے عالمی رائے عامہ کو فریب دینا ان کی عجیب و غریب باتوں میں شامل ہے انھوں نے صہیونی ذرائع ابلاغ کے ذریعہ فلسطین آنے سے قبل و بعد اس قدر جھوٹ بولاکہ ان کےجھوٹ کی بنیاد پر بعض یہودی سرمایہ داروں کو پکڑ لیا ! اور بہت سے لوگوں نے ان کے جھوٹ پر یقین کرلیا ؛یہاں تک کہ فرانس کے رائٹر وسماجی فلسفی "جان پل سیٹر" کو بھی انھوں نے فریب دیدیا ۔ اسی جان پل سیٹرنےایک کتاب لکھی تھی جس کا میں نے 30 سال پہلے مطالعہ کیاتھا اس نے لکھا تھا " بغیر سرزمین کے لوگ اور بغیر لوگوں کے سرزمین " یعنی یہودی وہ لوگ ہیں جن کے پاس سرزمین نہیں تھی وہ فلسطین آئے جہاں سرزمین تھی لیکن لوگ نہیں تھے! یعنی کیا فلسطین میں لوگ نہیں تھے؟ ایک قوم وہاں آباد تھی کام کاج میں مشغول تھی ؛ بہت سے شواہد موجود ہیں ایک غیر ملکی رائٹر لکھتا ہے کہ فلسطین کی تمام سرزمین پر زراعت ہوتی تھی یہ سرزمین تا حد نظر سرسبز و شاداب تھی بغیر لوگوں کے سرزمین کا مطلب کیا؟! دنیا میں یہودیوں نے یہ ظاہر کرنے کی کوشش کی کہ فلسطین ایک خراب ، ویران اور بدبخت جگہ تھی ؛ ہم نے آکر اس کو آباد کیا!رائے عامہ کو گمراہ کرنے کے لئے اتنا بڑا جھوٹ !
وہ ہمیشہ اپنے آپ کو مظلوم ظاہر کرنے کی کوشش کرتے تھے؛ اب بھی ایسا ہی کرتے ہیں! امریکی جرائد مانند "ٹائم " اور " نیوزویک " کا کبھی مطالعہ کرتا ہوں تو دیکھتا ہوں کہ اگر ایک یہودی خاندان کسی معمولی حادثہ کا شکار ہوجائے تو اس کا بڑا فوٹو ،ہلاک ہونے والے کی عمر اس کے بچوں کی مظلومیت کو بہت بڑا بنا کر پیش کرتے ہیں ؛ لیکن یہی جرائد مقبوضہ فلسطین میں اسرائيل کی طرف سے فلسطینی جوانوں ، عورتوں ، بچوں پر ہونے والے سینکڑوں اور ہزاروں مظالم ،قساوت اور سنگدلی کے واقعات کی طرف معمولی سا اشارہ بھی نہیں کرتے ہیں
تیسرا مرحلہ سازش اور کھوکھلے مذاکرات پر مبنی ہے اور ان کے قول کے مطابق "لابی" ہے، اس حکومت کے ساتھ ، اس شخصیت کے ساتھ ، اس سیاستمدار کے ساتھ ، اس روشن خیال کے ساتھ ، اس رائٹر کے ساتھ ، اس شاعر کے ساتھ بیٹھو گفتگو کرو! ان کے ملک کا کام اب تک مکر وفریب کے ذریعہ ان تین مرحلوں پر چل رہا ہے۔
اس دور میں بیرونی طاقتیں بھی ان کے ساتھ تھیں؛ جن میں سرفہرست برطانیہ تھا ۔ اقوام متحدہ اور اس سے پہلے جامعہ ملل" جو جنگ کے بعد صلح کے معاملات کے لئے تشکیل دیا گیا تھا " بھی ہمیشہ اسرائیل کی حمایت کرتا رہا ؛ اور اسی سال 1948ء میں جامعہ ملل نے ایک قرارداد منظور کی جس میں فلسطین کو بغیر کسی دلیل اور علت کے تقسیم کردیا؛ اس قرارداد میں 57 فیصد اراضی کو یہودیوں کی ملکیت قراردیدیا؛ جبکہ اس سے قبل صرف 5 فیصد فلسطین کی اراضی یہودیوں سے متعلق تھی؛ انھوں نے حکومت تشکیل دی اور اس کے بعد مختلف مسائل رونما ہوئے جن میں فلسطینی دیہاتوں پر حملہ ، شہروں پر حملہ ، فلسطینیوں کے گھروں اور بےگناہ لوگوں پر حملوں کا سلسلہ شروع ہوگیا ؛ البتہ عرب حکومتوں نے بھی اس سلسلے میں کافی کوتاہیاں کی ہیں۔ کئی جنگیں ہوئیں اور 1967 کی جنگ میں اسرائیل نے امریکہ اور بعض مغربی ممالک کی مدد سے مصر ، اردن اور شام کی کچھ سرزمینوں پر بھی قبضہ کرلیا۔اور 1973ء کی جنگ میں بھی اسرائیلیوں نے مغربی طاقتوں کی مدد سے جنگ کا نتیجہ اپنے حق میں کرلیا اور عربوں کی مزيد سرزمین پر اپنا قبضہ جمالیا ۔
Wednesday, 14 November 2012
Saturday, 18 August 2012
Alfred Hitchcock Born in London on August 13, 1899, Alfred Hitchcock worked for a short time in engineering before entering the film industry in 1920. He left for Hollywood in 1939, where his first American film, Rebecca, won an Academy Award for best picture. He created over 50 films, including the classics Rear Window, The 39 Steps and Psycho. He received the AFI's Life Achievement Award in 1979 and died in 1980.
Born in London on August 13, 1899, A¬¬lfred Hitchcock was raised by strict, Catholic parents. He described his childhood as lonely and sheltered, partly due to his obesity. He once said that he was sent by his father to the local police station with a note asking the officer to lock him away for 10 minutes as punishment for behaving badly. He also remarked that his mother would force him to stand at the foot OF her bed for several hours as punishment (a scene alluded to in his film Psycho). This idea of being harshly treated or wrongfully accused would later be reflected in Hitchcock's films.
He studied engineering at St. Ignatius College in London and quickly obtained a job as a draftsman and advertising designer for the cable company Henley's. It was while working at Henley's that he began to write, submitting short articles for the in-house publication. From his very first piece, he employed themes of false accusations, conflicted emotions and twist endings with impressive skill. In 1920, Hitchcock entered the film industry with a full-time position at the Famous Players-Lasky Company designing title cards for silent films. Within a few years, he was working as an assistant director. In 1925, he directed his first film and began making the "thrillers" for which he became known the world over. His 1929 film Blackmail is said to be the first British "talkie." During the 1930s he directed such classic suspense films as The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps.
In 1939 Hitchcock left England for Hollywood. The first film he made there, Rebecca (1940), won an Academy Award for best picture. Some of his most famous films include Psycho, The Birds and Marnie. His works became renowned for their depictions of violence, although many of his plots merely function as decoys meant to serve as a tool for understanding complex psychological characters. His cameo appearances in his own films, as well as his interviews, film trailers and the television program Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1962-65) made him a cultural icon. Hitchcock directed more than 50 feature films in a career spanning six decades. His lifetime partner was Alma Reville, his assistant director and his closest collaborator. Hitchcock received the AFI's Life Achievement Award in 1979 and died peacefully in his sleep on April 29, 1980, in Bel Air, California.
Born in London on August 13, 1899, A¬¬lfred Hitchcock was raised by strict, Catholic parents. He described his childhood as lonely and sheltered, partly due to his obesity. He once said that he was sent by his father to the local police station with a note asking the officer to lock him away for 10 minutes as punishment for behaving badly. He also remarked that his mother would force him to stand at the foot OF her bed for several hours as punishment (a scene alluded to in his film Psycho). This idea of being harshly treated or wrongfully accused would later be reflected in Hitchcock's films.
He studied engineering at St. Ignatius College in London and quickly obtained a job as a draftsman and advertising designer for the cable company Henley's. It was while working at Henley's that he began to write, submitting short articles for the in-house publication. From his very first piece, he employed themes of false accusations, conflicted emotions and twist endings with impressive skill. In 1920, Hitchcock entered the film industry with a full-time position at the Famous Players-Lasky Company designing title cards for silent films. Within a few years, he was working as an assistant director. In 1925, he directed his first film and began making the "thrillers" for which he became known the world over. His 1929 film Blackmail is said to be the first British "talkie." During the 1930s he directed such classic suspense films as The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps.
In 1939 Hitchcock left England for Hollywood. The first film he made there, Rebecca (1940), won an Academy Award for best picture. Some of his most famous films include Psycho, The Birds and Marnie. His works became renowned for their depictions of violence, although many of his plots merely function as decoys meant to serve as a tool for understanding complex psychological characters. His cameo appearances in his own films, as well as his interviews, film trailers and the television program Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1962-65) made him a cultural icon. Hitchcock directed more than 50 feature films in a career spanning six decades. His lifetime partner was Alma Reville, his assistant director and his closest collaborator. Hitchcock received the AFI's Life Achievement Award in 1979 and died peacefully in his sleep on April 29, 1980, in Bel Air, California.
Wednesday, 15 August 2012
On August 9, 1945, Nagasaki was the target of the United States' second atomic bomb attack (and the second detonation of a plutonium bomb; the first was tested in central New Mexico, USA) at 11:02 a.m., when the north of the city was destroyed in less than a second, and an estimated 70,000 people were killed by the bomb codenamed "Fat Man.
" According to statistics found within Nagasaki Peace Park, the death toll from the atomic bombing totalled 73,884, including 2,000 Korean forced workers and eight POWs, as well as another 74,909 injured, and another several hundred thousand diseased and dying due to fallout and other illness caused by radiation. This bomb was supposed to be more destructive than "Little Boy" but exploded in a valley, and therefore did roughly the same amount of damage as Little Boy.
After the war
" According to statistics found within Nagasaki Peace Park, the death toll from the atomic bombing totalled 73,884, including 2,000 Korean forced workers and eight POWs, as well as another 74,909 injured, and another several hundred thousand diseased and dying due to fallout and other illness caused by radiation. This bomb was supposed to be more destructive than "Little Boy" but exploded in a valley, and therefore did roughly the same amount of damage as Little Boy.After the war
Jamaica gained a degree of local political control in the mid-1940s. The People's National Party (PNP) was founded in 1938. Its main rival, the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) was established five years later. The first elections under universal adult suffrage were held in 1944. Jamaica joined nine other UK territories in the Federation of the West Indies in 1958 but withdrew after Jamaican voters rejected membership in 1961. Jamaica gained independence on August 6, 1962, remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The first prime minister was Alexander Bustamante of the Jamaica Labour Party.
Initially, power swapped between the People's National Party and the Jamaican Labour Party regularly. Michael Manley was the first PNP prime minister in 1972. He introduced socialist policies and relations with Cuba. His second-term elections marked the start of repeated political violence. When the PNP lost power in 1980 Edward Seaga immediately began to reverse the policies of his predecessor, bringing in privatization and seeking closer ties with the USA. When the PNP and Manley returned to power in 1989 they continued the more moderate policies and were returned in the elections of 1993 and 1998. Manley resigned for health reasons in 1992 and was succeeded as leader of the PNP by Percival Patterson.
Historically, Jamaican emigration has been heavy. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, many Jamaicans migrated to Central America, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic to work in the banana and canefields. In the 1950s the primary destination was to the United Kingdom; but since the United Kingdom restricted emigration in 1962, major flow has been to the United States and Canada. The heaviest flow of emigration, particularly to New York and Miami, occurred during the 1990s and continues to the present day due to high economical crisis. About 20,000 Jamaicans emigrate to the United States each year; another 200,000 visit annually. New York, Hartford, CT, Miami, and Fort Lauderdale are among the U.S. cities with the largest Jamaican population. In New York, over half the Jamaican expatriate population resides in Brooklyn. Remittances from the expatriate communities in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada make increasingly significant contributions to Jamaica's economy.
Initially, power swapped between the People's National Party and the Jamaican Labour Party regularly. Michael Manley was the first PNP prime minister in 1972. He introduced socialist policies and relations with Cuba. His second-term elections marked the start of repeated political violence. When the PNP lost power in 1980 Edward Seaga immediately began to reverse the policies of his predecessor, bringing in privatization and seeking closer ties with the USA. When the PNP and Manley returned to power in 1989 they continued the more moderate policies and were returned in the elections of 1993 and 1998. Manley resigned for health reasons in 1992 and was succeeded as leader of the PNP by Percival Patterson.
Historically, Jamaican emigration has been heavy. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, many Jamaicans migrated to Central America, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic to work in the banana and canefields. In the 1950s the primary destination was to the United Kingdom; but since the United Kingdom restricted emigration in 1962, major flow has been to the United States and Canada. The heaviest flow of emigration, particularly to New York and Miami, occurred during the 1990s and continues to the present day due to high economical crisis. About 20,000 Jamaicans emigrate to the United States each year; another 200,000 visit annually. New York, Hartford, CT, Miami, and Fort Lauderdale are among the U.S. cities with the largest Jamaican population. In New York, over half the Jamaican expatriate population resides in Brooklyn. Remittances from the expatriate communities in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada make increasingly significant contributions to Jamaica's economy.
Wednesday, 25 July 2012
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) was the greatest leader of Latin America's independence movement from Spain. A superb general and a charismatic politician, he not only drove the Spanish from northern South America but also was instrumental in the early formative years of the republics that sprang up once the Spanish had gone. His later years are marked by the collapse of his grand dream of a united South America. He is remembered as "The Liberator," the man who liberated his home from Spanish rule.Born: 24 July 1783
Birthplace: Caracas, Venezuela
Best Known As: el Libertador of 19th century South America
Venezuelan-born Simón Bolívar liberated much of South America from Spanish rule in the 19th century and became one of Latin America's greatest heroes. Born to a privileged family, he was orphaned as a child and raised by tutors, among them Simon Rodriguez, who emphasized the Enlightenment and, especially, works by Jean Jacques Rousseau. Bolívar travelled to Europe (1799-1802 and 1804), where he witnessed the coronation of Napoleon and gradually became drawn to the idea of revolution. He joined the Venezuelan revolution in 1810 and gained military victories and independence (1813), but in the civil war that followed his forces were defeated by a royalist army (1815). After exile in Jamaica, he returned to lead rebel forces based in Orinoco.
In 1819 he defeated the Spanish and established the republic of Greater Colombia, a federation that included present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador. Further victories in Peru, at Junin and Ayacucho (1824) spelled the end of Spanish rule and Bolívar was the most powerful man on the continent. His vision of a united South America was never realized; various separatist movements and resentment toward his dictatorial methods prevented political stability and Bolívar resigned as president of Greater Colombia in 1830, just months before dying from tuberculosis. Bolivia is named for Bolívar.
Simon Bolivar was one of South America's greatest generals. His victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. He is called El Liberator (The Liberator) and the "George Washington of South America." Bolivar was born in July 24, 1783, at Caracas, Venezuela. His parents died when he was a child and he inherited a fortune. As a young man, he traveled in Europe.
As he returned to Venezuela, Bolivar joined the group of patriots that seized Caracas in 1810 and proclaimed independence from Spain. He went to Great Britain in search of aid, but could get only a promise of British neutrality. When he returned to Venezuela, and took command of a patriot army, he recaptured Caracas in 1813 from the Spaniards. The Spaniards forced Bolivar to retreat from Venezuela to New Granada (now Colombia), also at war with Spain. He took command of a Colombian force and captured Bogota in 1814. The patriots, however, lacked men and supplies, and new defeats led Bolivar to flee to Jamaica. In Haiti he gathered a force that landed in Venezuela in 1816, and took Angostra (now Ciudad Bolivar). He also became dictator there.
Bolivar marched into New Granada in 1819. He defeated the Spaniards in Boyar in 1819, liberating the territory of Colombia. He then returned to Angostura and led the congress that organized the original republic of Colombia (now Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela). Bolivar became its first president on December 17, 1819.
Bolivar crushed the Spanish army at Carabobo in Venezuela on June 24, 1821. Next, he marched into Educador and added that territory to the new Colombian republic. After a meeting in 1822 with another great liberator, Bolivar became dictator of Peru. His army won a victory over the Spaniards at Auacucho in 1824, which needed Spanish power in South America. Upper Peru became a separate state, named Bolivia in Bolivar's honor, in 1825. The constitution, which he drew up for Bolivia, is one of his most important political pronouncements.
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